Concocting Barium Sulfate Essay Example for Free

Concocting Barium Sulfate Essay Introduction Barium Sulfate is a white substance, liquid or solid, with the chemical formula being BaSO4. Barium sulfate is a radiopaque agent, which is used in order to help x-rays be more visible due to the contrast between the barium sulfate and the x-rayed parts of the body. This substance is dangerous, but due to its poor solubility ingestion will not result in the bodys absorption of the toxicity of it. Some of the dangers of ingesting Barium Sulfate however are: bloating, constipation, cramping, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, stomach/lower abdominal pain, tightness in chest, troubled breathing, or wheezing. Barium Sulfate also reacts violently with Aluminum powders. Prolonged exposure to Barium Sulfate dust can result in baritosis, which is a form of benign pneumoconiosis. Barium Sulfate is insoluble in most substances, except for concentrated sulfuric acid. Research Question An ample research question for this particular lab would be How can one create five grams of Barium Sulfate? This task explores the use of knowledge of different chemicals regarding their solubilities, concentrations and characteristics and the use of this knowledge in order to make a pre-determined five grams of Barium Sulfate. I intended to approach this problem by using my knowledge of chemicals stated above to come up with a simple, practical way of concocting five grams of Barium Sulfate. Hypothesis If Barium Nitrate and Sulfuric Acid are mixed together appropriately, then we will be able to make five grams of Barium Sulfate, along with the other product. This hypothesis is clearly justifiable. If you mix 5.6 grams of Barium Nitrate with 2.1 grams of Sulfuric Acid, through the reaction types we can see that this is double replacement and should form HNO3 + BaSO4, and through some dilution calculations we can see that theoretically five grams of Barium Sulfate should be made. Variables Independent The amounts of Barium Nitrate and Sulfuric acid. These variables are independent because they will change depending on what substances are use to make the Barium Nitrate and of what concentration. Dependent The amounts of Barium Sulfate and Nitric Acid produced. These variables are dependent because they depend on the independent variables, or the Barium Nitrate and Sulfuric Acid. Control The different materials used during the experiment are the materials used and the substances used to make the Barium Nitrate. These are controls because they do not change throughout the experiment. Procedure Materials 2 700mL beakers 50mL graduated cylinder 100mL graduated cylinder Stirring rod Digital Scale Coffee Filters Hot plate Vacuum Flask 12.5 M H2SO4 Ba(NO3)2 Funnel Steps 1. The true first step of this lab was to figure out how to make Barium Sulfate. In our case, we figured we would mix Barium Nitrate and Sulfuric Acid to do the trick. After subsequent calculations, we figured out that we would need 2.1g of Sulfuric Acid and 5.6g of Barium Nitrate. 2. First we placed 5.6 g of Ba(NO3)2 solid powder into the 700mL beaker 3. We then proceeded to make it into a liquid by adding approximately 100mL of water, and to better dissolve these two substances we put the solution onto a hot plate and stirred until it was sufficiently dissolved 4. Then we put 2.1g or 4mL of 12.5M H2SO4 into the 50mL graduated cylinder 5. Then we diluted the 12.5M H2SO4 to 5M by adding in 6mL of water, in order to achieve 10mL of 5M H2SO4 6. We then poured the dissolved water and Ba(NO3)2 along with the 10mL of 5M H2SO4 together in the other 700mL beaker 7. We then observed the reaction and recorded these observations. The solution was HNO3 and BaSO4, with the BaSO4 a white precipitate in the liquid HNO3. 8. To isolate the BaSO4, it needs to be filtered. We weighed the coffee filter with the digital scale, which came out to 0.5g and then placed the filter on the inside of the funnel. 9. Place the funnel over the vacuum flask so that the HNO3 will go through the funnel into the vacuum flask and the remaining substance will isolated BaSO4 after the substance from the 700mL beaker is poured into the funnel very slowly 10. Remove the coffee filter, and throw everything else out. Then let the BaSO4 on the coffee filter dry overnight 11. Then we weighed the coffee filter with the dry BaSO4, which was 4.7g, and then subtracted the weight of the coffee filter to get the true weight of our BaSO4, which was 4.2 grams. Data Raw Data Amounts of Reactants and Amount of BaSO4 Substance Amount (+/- 0.5g) H2SO4 10ml Ba(NO3)2 5.6g in 100mL of water BaSO4 4.2 grams Calculations Amount to Use of Each Substance 5g of BaSO4 x (1mol BaSO4/ 233.43g of BaSO4) 0.02142 mols BaSO4 0.02142 mols BaSO4 x (1mol H2SO4/ 1mol BaSO4) 0.02142 mols H2SO4 0.02142 mols BaSO4 x (1mol Ba(NO3)2/ 1mol BaSO4) 0.02142 mols Ba(NO3)2 0.02142 mols H2SO4 x (98.078g H2SO4/ 1mol H2SO4) 2.101g H2SO4 0.02142 mols Ba(NO3)2 x (261.336g Ba(NO3)2/1mol Ba(NO3)2 5.597g Ba(NO3)2 Dilution o M1 V1=M2V2 (12.5M H2SO4)(Xml H2SO4) = (5M H2SO4)(10mL H2SO4) X = 4mL H2SO4 6mL of water needed for 4mL H2SO4 Percent Yield (4.2g BaSO4/5g BaSO4) x 100 = 84% Percent Error [(4.2g BaSO4 5g BaSO4)/ 5g BaS04] x 100 = 16% Diagrams All of our equipment laid out The vacuum flask pulling the Nitric Acid out of the Barium Sulfate The finished, dried, Barium Sulfate on the coffee filter Weighing the Barium Sulfate on the coffee filter Conclusion Principally, the lab was a success. We were able to come up with a perfectly good method of creating Barium Sulfate. Technically, however the lab was slightly off. Instead of coming up with the ideal five grams of Barium Sulfate, we fell 8/10ths of a gram short, which came out to a sixteen percent error. This inaccuracy suggests that something in our lab went awry. When pumping the nitric acid out of the barium sulfate, we overflowed the filter on the vacuum flask, seeing as how we didnt take into account how thick the substance actually was. This mishap was most likely the largest contributor to our inaccuracy. Also, human error is always a factor. Inevitably, somewhere down the line we took a reading wrong or something of that nature, further skewing our results. This lab brought up a few questions for further investigation. After finishing the lab, the question occurred to me, if we had used an alternate method to make five grams of Barium Sulfate, could we have been more accurate, less accurate, or would our results have remained the same? To make a better lab, there are a couple things that could be done. First would be to take better care to observe the substances we work with much more carefully. By doing this, there is less likely of a chance of having something happen such as overflowing the funnel. Also, one could record observations better. This would make the analysis of the lab much easier, with less guesswork to do.

Kafka Essay -- essays papers

Kafka Franz Kafka was born in Prague, Bohemia, July 3, 1883 and died June 3, 1924 of tuberculosis at the age of 40. He came from a middle-class Jewish family. His father was a shopkeeper and tried to climb up the social ladder by working hard at his shop and sending Franz to a prestigious German high school. He went on to get a law degree and worked for two insurance companies (not at the same time) When his .tuberculosis got bad in 1917 he was put on temporary retirement with a pension. German was the language the upper class spoke and by sending Franz to German schools his father tried to disassociate from the lower class Jewish who lived in the ghetto. They were always moving from apartment to apartment advancing as the business grew. Franz had a very strained relationship with his father that traumatically affected his whole life. This is apparent in a letter to his father he wrote, â€Å"What was always incomprehensible to me was your total lack of feeling for the suffering and shame you could inflict on me with your words and judgments. It was as though you had no notion of your power† (Letter). Max Brod and Franz met in college and became life long friends. It was Max who persuaded Franz to publish some of his work and it was Max who was responsible for most of the Kafka writings that are available today. Franz had entrusted his manuscripts to Max and in his last will and testament specified that all his work was to be destroyed. Instead Max had them published after Franz’ death. Although he never married, he was engaged several times but always broke the engagement as the wedding day would approach. Most of the biographies about him tell of his problem with women and repulsion from sex and say that it was ... ... http://members.xoom.com/danielhornek/. 1 Mar. 2000. Kafka, Leni. Biography. Hp. 2000 [last update]. Online. Available: http://victorian.fortunecity.com/vermeer/287/biography.htm. 2 Mar. 2000. Letter to His Father. Hp. 2000 [last update]. Online. Available: http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/vermeer/287/lettertohisfather.htm Magil, Frank N. ed. Franz Kafka. Vol. 4 of Critical Survey of Short Fiction . Pasadena: Salem Press, 1993. Novels for Students Vol. 7 Farmington, MI: Gale Research, 1999. p281-297. Pawel, Ernst. The Nightmare of Reason: A Life of Franz Kafka. NY:Noonday Press, 1992. Spann, Meno. Franz Kafka. George Prior Publishers, 1976. Times Literary Supplement, Aug. 22, 1997 n4925 p15(2). World Literature Criticism 1500 to Present. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale Research, 1992.

Comparisons of Economic Terms Essay

Look at health care from an economical view point and learn how economics has a major effect on the management of health care in our society. I chose the first two words on the list, resources and quality, along with opportunity cost, to discuss in this paper. In the discussion the terms will be defined and the relationship that the terms share in the view of market economics and the health economics will be analyzed. The question will be asked, â€Å"How are these three terms related and the effects they share on the health care community. Also what affects do they play in health care’s organizations economical view point?† The market economics and the health economics definition of the terms shed a different perspective on the economics of the health care industry. The two views influence the health care industry in order to be successful and maintain the ability to serve the public. There must be a sound understanding of economics, because health care is based on finances and services; and how well the finances and services are to be managed. These terms are similar in marketing and health care but they also differ in meanings based on the situation. Economics study how people make choices for using resources and the health care organizations use the same principle. The success of health care depends on effective management of the resources. The economic resources affect the usage of medical care and its services. Terms viewed from a market and health stand point and from an economics stand, compared to health care are resources, opportunity cost, and quality. Definition of Economic Terms Resource: a supply of something that someone has and can use when it is needed (â€Å"Merriam Webster .com†, 2014). Opportunity Cost: the added cost of using resources that is the difference between the actual value  resulting from such use and that of an alternative (â€Å"Merriam Webster .com†, 2014). Quality: a characteristic or feature that someone or something has a high level of value or excellence (â€Å"Merriam Webster .com, 2014). Market Economic Term: Resource, Opportunity Cost and Quality Resource is defined by Merriam Webster dictionary as, a natural source of wealth or revenue, computable wealth. In economics resource is a source of supply, support, or aid, especially one that can be readily drawn upon when needed (â€Å"Merriam Webster .com†, 2014). Health economics term: Resource Opportunity cost and Quality Health Care Economic Terms: Resource, Opportunity Cost and Quality As health care terms they are defined as such: Opportunity cost is, the economic definition of cost, also known as opportunity cost, is the value of opportunity forgone, strictly the best opportunity forgone, as a result of engaging resources in an activity. Note that there can be a cost without the exchange of money. Also the economists’ notion of cost extends beyond the cost falling on the health service alone; it includes costs falling on other services and on patients themselves. Resource is defined as, the basic inputs to production – the time and abilities of individuals, natural resources such as land and capital. Quality is a generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, as, physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life(â€Å"Glossary Of Frequently Encountered Terms In Health Economics†, 2003). Market Economic Terms: Resource, Opportunity Cost and Quality Quality is the choicest care or the excellence of something. Recourse the tools and manpower to achieve a task and opportunity cost is the final value placed on the product or service. Cost and quality have a great influence in the health care industry. The quality of health care has increased in the last thirty years; along with cost at an even faster rate (Gretzen, 2007). Market Economics Compared to Health Economics The difference in the terms of market economics & health care economics is as follows. Market economics is trade â€Å"the making of a buck.† A place where buyers and sellers exchange dollars for a product and/or services (Gretzen, 2007). Health care economics is the purchasing of health care services, the doctor is the seller and the patients are the buyers. In other situations  the pharmaceutical companies, medical equipment producers and so on are the sellers and the clients/patients are the buyers. Gretzen states these transactions are based on the terms of the trade, (Gretzen, 2007). In market economics the resources that are used can influence the quality of product, produced and depicts the cost that will be attached to the product for the buyer to be required to pay for the product. In health care economics resources, quality and cost do work as separate entities, as well as one entity. The resources of health care economics depicts what the health community can produce as a whole. Will research technology, health plans, etc., be available? Will health care be affordable and available to all that need it? And will the quality be able to meet the standards the federal government and the medical communities have set when providing health care and services? These are the questions to be looked at by the marketing and economics teams in the health care community. So they can answer yes to all the questions that are on the minds of many. Conclusion When reviewing the economic terms from both side of the coin, market economics and health care economics, resource, quality and opportunity cost are key to the level that health care can be marketed to the community. Health care can be produced and delivered well, at the same time. It can, at the same time, be an affordable value and a high quality product also. Despite Gretzen’s view of health care’s high cost reflecting the public’s willingness to pay for health care when â€Å"confronted with the possibility of death; we will pay for just about anything to get our health back.† (Gretzen, 2007) mentality. References (2014). Retrieved from Merriam Webster: www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/quality Gretzen, T. (2007). Healthcare Economics and Financing (3rd. Ed.). Health Definitions/Glossary of Frequently Encountered Terms in Health Economics. (2003). Retrieved from US National Library of Medicine: www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/edu/healthecon/glossary.html#Cost

Leadership Styles And Finding The Right One For You

Leadership Styles and Finding the Right One for You There are many forms of leadership styles in the workplace. According to Gardner, â€Å"leadership is how one can persuade another to pursue the leaders or corporations goal or objective (Gardner, 1996). In this paper, I will explore and compare various leadership styles. Furthermore, I will determine what I believe are the most important aspects of the different leadership styles. In addition, I will identify what my leadership styles are along the way and how it fits into my nursing profession. There have been many forms of leadership styles studied over the years. For example, the most common and frequent leadership forms discussed throughout my research are autocratic, democratic,†¦show more content†¦Often threats, force, or intimidation are used by the autocratic leader toward employees to get results. In contrast, the laissez-faire is a leader who basically takes a back seat and has a hands-off approach. With this style, changes are rare and if a change needs to be made, it is done only after the fact and then quality control is known to suffer too. Due to the ever-changing role of the nursing profession, I cannot imagine how any of the leadership styles previously discussed would be appropriate for application in today’s nursing practice. Transformational leadership is the most frequently used framework of leadership styles to achieve excellence in nursing practice. The evolved model of leadership includes transformational leadership and the â€Å"components are behaviors of building trust, demonstrating integrity, inspiring others and coaching† (Penprase, 2010). This concept shows the advocacy and support of the staff’s beliefs, values, as well as behaviors. Transformational leadership style differs from the autocratic and laissez-faire styles; however, it is similar to the democratic style of leadership. The democratic and transformational leader urges and expects open communication amid everyone, and seeks staff involvement at various levels. Everyone is held accountable, which in turn builds trust and integrity. The leader can be seen as a coach; their role is to build trust amongst the team and inspire others. Transformational